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It's mid-October and Starch Gruber is preparing to testify before Congress. This is not the first time she has brought her expertise to policy makers. She has been studying brain marijuana, young and old, for most of her thirty years.

In addition to being in Harvard Psychiatry, Gruber is Director of the Marijuana Survey (MIND) for Neuroscientific Discovery at McLean Hospital in the suburbs of Boston, and Director of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Core. Her research focuses on clinical studies of marijuana users, often using functional MRI (fMRI) techniques to find out exactly which part of the brain the drug is affecting.

"The most important thing is to try to push emotional rhetoric aside," she says before testifying to lawmakers. "It's about what data and science teach us."

And the research environment to date is as complex as the drug itself. Several studies have shown that marijuana can provide relief for patients with a variety of conditions, including anxiety, chronic pain, and even cancer. Yet others discover that the drug slows cognitive function and can exacerbate some mental illnesses.

Also, there isn't yet a clear image of how marijuana works for different people, says Gruber. Just five years ago, when she started MIND, Gruber saw a gap in her research. There have been virtually no clinical studies on the effects of medical marijuana on the brain. "I couldn't find anything in the literature," she says.

There is little data on how marijuana works in humans. US research on cannabis remains a bottleneck due to the limitations of cannabis sativa plant research, some of which remain Schedule I drugs. Medical marijuana, including the psychotropic drug THC, is currently legal in 33 states and the District of Columbia, but the Drug Enforcement Administration still defines it as a "currently unacceptable" and "probably abused" substance. doing. Policy makers who are eager to better understand how to regulate drugs occasionally hold sessions with scientists, including Gruber. However, due to the sparse clinical outcomes, she and her American colleagues find it difficult to draw broad conclusions. In countries like Israel and Canada, where the barriers to studying cannabis are lower, the puzzle of who and how marijuana affects is just a little simpler.

Complex cognition
How Does Cannabis Affect Cognition? It can depend on when and how people use it. Some teenagers who use marijuana for recreational purposes have slow brain function and appear to have low IQ. On the other hand, people with a condition that is slightly burned to control their symptoms may even see increased brain function.

In a 2011 report on recreational users, Gruber and her team recruited 34 chronic marijuana smokers and divided them into two groups based on when they started using them. Then they took some cognitive tests. The team found that researchers who started using marijuana before the age of 16 had the lowest test performance and smoked twice as often as other users.

However, a 2018 clinical study of medical marijuana users showed significantly different effects on the brain. This study examined patients with a variety of conditions, including pain, anxiety, sleep disorders, and gastrointestinal problems, before and after taking marijuana in preferred ways such as smoking, eating, or topical application. Three months after the patient begins treatment, researchers are in areas related to cognitive, decision-making, and executive function, from once or twice a week to multiple daily doses. In the prefrontal cortex, we confirmed that the brain activity was active. There is also an improvement in user task performance, demonstrating improved cognitive function.

In addition, treatment suppressed their symptoms-most medical marijuana users in the study saw improvements in quality of life and relief from their illness. The result did not have a big impact on Gruber.

“Entertainment consumers and healthcare users are not the same,” she says. "The purpose of use is completely different."

This may explain why some recreational users are looking for supercharged amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in smoking strains. THC raises users. Its sister ingredient, cannabidiol (CBD), is not. From 1995 to 2014, THC content was included in recreational marijuana